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Flooding caused by tropical cyclones, tsunami, and many other phenomena is one type of natural disaster that occurs all around the world. While these disasters cannot be prevented, the communities can be made more resilient and damages caused by them to lives and infrastructure can be minimized by developing early warning systems. Microwave-based systems provide a non-contact measurement setup to monitor water level, thus requiring low maintenance and operation costs. In this paper, a DC-coupled 5.8-GHz interferometry radar was designed and tested by observing water level in a barrel, which had water poured in and drained out over a long-time period. By adding more gains to the RF chain and removing the gain in the baseband, the proposed water-level monitoring radar system eliminates the requirement of complex DC tuning structure in the previous works. The experiment demonstrated that the proposed water-level monitoring radar system was able to accurately measure the relative position of water with mm-accuracy. 

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the use of cyber-physical systems (CPS) for optimal design in wind engineering. The approach combines the accuracy of physical wind tunnel testing with the ability to efficiently explore a solution space using numerical optimization algorithms. The approach is fully automated, with experiments executed in a boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT), sensor feedback monitored by a high-performance computer, and actuators used to bring about physical changes in the BLWT. Because the model is undergoing physical change as it approaches the optimal solution, this approach is given the name “loop-in-the-model” testing. The building selected for this study is a low-rise structure with a parapet wall of variable height. Parapet walls alter the location of the roof corner vortices, alleviating large suction loads on the windward facing roof corner and edges and setting up an interesting optimal design problem. In the BLWT, the model parapet height is adjusted using servo-motors to achieve a particular design. The model surface is instrumented with pressure taps to measure the envelope pressure loading. The taps are densely spaced on the roof to provide sufficient resolution to capture the change in roof corner vortex formation. Experiments are conducted using a boundary BLWT located at the University of Florida Natural Hazard Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) Experimental Facility. The proposed CPS approach enables the optimal solution to be found quicker than brute force methods, in particular for complex structures with many design variables. The parapet wall provides a proof-of-concept study with a single design variable that has a non-monotonic influence on a structure’s wind load. This study focuses on envelope load effects, seeking the parapet height that minimizes roof and parapet wall suction loading. Implications are significant for more complex structures where the optimal solution may not be obvious and cannot be reasonably determined with traditional experimental or computational methods. KEYWORDS: Cyber-physical systems, optimization, boundary-layer wind tunnel, parapet wall, NHERI